Background Information
North Korea has had a long and complicated relationship with Russia. Throughout most of the Cold War, North Korea was firmly allied with the Soviet Union, which was then Russia’s main superpower. Following the end of the Cold War, however, the relationship between these two countries has become significantly more complex, with both countries charting their own courses in international relations. As such, North Korea’s position on Russia and its international policies is far from straightforward.
Support for Russia on the International Stage
North Korea has supported Russia on several important international issues. In 2017, North Korea issued a joint statement with China expressing support for Russia in the wake of imposed US sanctions. North Korea also supported Russia’s aggressive stance on Ukraine, and its 2014 annexation of Crimea. North Korea has also come out in defence of Russia when it has faced international criticism for its actions in Syria, noting the importance of continuing international peace talks with the Syrian government.
Condemnation of Russian Airstrikes
North Korea has also been vocal in its condemnation of Russian airstrikes in Syria, particularly in the wake of allegations that Russia had used chemical weapons in its bombardment of Aleppo in 2016. North Korea joined the United Nations in condemning Russia’s actions, calling them “barbaric” and “inhumane”.
Economic Engagement
In spite of its reservations about certain aspects of Russia’s foreign policy, North Korea has maintained economic links with Russia. North Korean companies regularly use Russian rail networks to transport goods to and from the two countries. North Korea has also been known to make use of Russia’s import and export channels, allowing North Korean companies to access international markets. In 2019, the two countries signed a trade agreement in an attempt to expand their economic ties further.
Political Relations
Political relations between North Korea and Russia have been strained in recent years. North Korea was strongly opposed to Russia’s involvement in the Six-Party Talks, during which North Korea sought to negotiate with its neighbouring states over its nuclear programme. North Korea has also been vocal in its criticism of Russia’s actions in Ukraine, calling for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.
Nuclear Cooperation
Despite their differences on certain issues, North Korea and Russia have cooperated on matters related to nuclear security. In November 2020, Russia offered to provide support to North Korea in the form of nuclear safety training and equipment to help improve the safety and security of North Korea’s nuclear facilities. Russia has also offered its expertise in developing new technologies which could help North Korea improve the safety of its nuclear program and reduce the risk of a nuclear accident or meltdown.
Media and Cultural Exchanges
North Korea and Russia also have a history of cooperation in other areas, such as media and culture. North Korean media outlets regularly report on activities of and events in Russia. North Korea has also been looking to boost cultural exchanges between the two countries. In 2017, North Korean artists performed in a cultural festival hosted by a Russian city, and in 2019, North Korean scientists travelled to a Russian university to take part in a joint research project.
Military Cooperation
North Korea and Russia have also been known to cooperate on matters related to military technology. In 2019, the two countries conducted joint military exercises in the sea of Japan, and in 2020, they held joint naval exercises near Vladivostok. Furthermore, it has been reported that North Korea has received military training and assistance from Russia in recent years.
International Relations
In general, North Korea’s position on Russia’s international activities is one of caution and restraint. North Korea may support Russia on certain initiatives, but it also seeks to ensure that Russia remains within the bounds of international norms and laws. As such, North Korea has adopted a position of cautiously observing Russia’s actions and offering support where appropriate.
Strategic Aims
The strategic aims of North Korea’s relationship with Russia are twofold. First, North Korea hopes to strengthen its own diplomatic clout and its position in the international arena by having a strong ally in Russia. Second, North Korea seeks to use its partnership with Russia to counterbalance the influence of the United States in the region. By cooperating with Russia, North Korea can ensure that its interests are not undermined by US foreign policy.
Economic Benefits
North Korea stands to benefit economically from its relationship with Russia. The two countries have signed trade agreements which allow North Korean companies to access international markets through Russian import and export channels. Furthermore, North Korea is likely to benefit from increased investment from Russian companies, as well as from joint research into new technologies which could help North Korea enhance its nuclear safety and security.
Political Advantages
North Korea stands to gain politically from its relationship with Russia. By forming an alliance with a powerful country, North Korea can increase its diplomatic clout and weaken the influence of the United States in the region. Furthermore, North Korea can use Russia’s support to defend itself against international criticism and respond to any attempts made by the US and its allies to impose economic or political sanctions.
